NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology (Chapter-Wise)

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology not only cover the full CBSE syllabus, but they are also enough to cover the basics of all the topics required in competitive exams such as JEE and NEET.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology have been given in the links below. Students can access these solutions directly by clicking on the links given below. The PDF files given can also be downloaded and viewed at your convenience.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology

Biology is the study of life. The main aim of biologists is to study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms. It is a very vast subject. NCERT (National Council of Education and Training) follows a curriculum for schools that follows CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education). The NCERT solutions provide comprehensive learning and allow students to develop skills with logical reasoning. The difficult topics and concepts are simplified and explained in these solutions to make them easier.

NCERT Class 12 Biology Unit-wise Marks Distribution

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology  Download Free PDF

The Class 12 Biology Syllabus includes themes like reproduction, evaluation, biotechnology, ecology, and so on. We have shared the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology, all chapters in pdf format, below.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology - Chapter-Wise

The NCERT Solutions Class 12 textbook of biology covers topics such as Reproduction, Inheritance, Evolution, Food Production, Ecosystems, and so on. The book displays diagrams for easy understanding of the text.

Unit-VI Reproduction

Chapter 2 Sexual reproduction in Flowering plants

The process of sexual reproduction, structure, and morphology of plants are included in the chapter. The sub-concepts involved are pre-fertilization events, double fertilization, post-fertilization event,s and processes such as apomixis and polyembryony.

Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

The chapter covers the human male and female reproductive systems. The diagrams, pictures, illustrations, flowcharts, and simple-to-understand language. The sub-concepts included in the chapter are: Male and female reproductive structures, male reproductive system, female reproductive system, sex hormones (function and roles), gametogenesis (male and female), and so on.

Chapter 4 Reproductive health

The chapter covers the importance of reproductive health and methods to achieve it. The maternal health and health of the infant during different phases of pregnancy are also covered. The sub-concepts involved are: Reproductive health, Birth control (meaning and measures), Medical termination of pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and infertility.

Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

The chapter covers the topics of Genetics and evolution. Genetics cover similarities and variations in the parents and offspring. The topic of genetics involves Mendel’s laws of inheritance, inheritance of one and two genes, determination of sex, mutations and some genetic disorders. Evolution covers the origin of life, Darwin’s theory of natural selection, different theories related to evolution, evidence of evolution, and so on.

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

The chapter covers diagrams to understand the basic structures of DNA, RNA, replication, and so on. The topics are the structure of DNA, including the structure of the polynucleotide chain, packaging of the DNA helix, RNA structure, the process of replication, transcription, types of RNA, genetic code, operon models, and the human genome project.

Chapter-7: Evolution

The chapter covers the study of the history of different life forms on the earth. The origin of life and the evolution of the life forms is covered in the chapter. Different flowcharts, illustrations, and diagrams displayed in the textbook make the topic easier.

Unit-VIII: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

The chapter covers Health which is the maintenance of the body's functions, diseases, treatment, and prevention. The forms of immunity displayed in the body and their encounter to diseases like AIDS, Cancer, and adolescent issues, along with drug and alcohol abuse, are covered in the chapter.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes are microorganisms or tiny organisms that can only with seen under the microscope. These are tiny living organisms that are invisible to the naked eye and are present in our surroundings. They play an important role in the evolution of the planet Earth. The disease-causing organisms are known as pathogens.

Unit IX: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

Biotechnology is the process of integration of natural science and organisms, cells, and other parts for products and services. The chapter covers the study of the basic principles involved in biotechnology, some core techniques involved are genetic engineering and the manufacturing of antibiotics, drugs and other vaccines.

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and Its Applications

The chapter addresses the technique of biotechnology and how human beings have used biotechnology to improve the quality of life in food production and health. Certain microbes, plants, animals, and other metabolic machinery have been made useful by biotechnology to humans.

Unit-X Ecology and Environment

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations

Population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. (Topics excluded: Organism and its Environment, Major Abiotic Factors, Responses to Abiotic Factors, Adaptations)

Chapter-14: Ecosystem

An ecosystem is the functional unit of the environment where the living organisms interact among themselves and with the surrounding environment. The chapter covers Ecosystems: Patterns, components, productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy (Topics excluded: Ecological Succession and Nutrient Cycles).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries, and Ramsar sites.

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